Assignment : Research Methodology

• Assignment Semester : 4
• Paper Name : Research Methodology
• Paper : 209
• Paper Code : 22416

Hello everyone, I’m writing this blog as a written assignment on Research Methodology. In this blog I have try to give answer of a question that is given below,

"Difference Between MLA and APA Style Citation"

Documenting Sources : 

Documenting sources is a critical aspect of academic writing and research. It involves citation or referencing the information and ideas that are not originally yours, which you have used to support your arguments, provide evidence, or give context to your work. The process of documenting sources serves several important purposes:

Acknowledgment of Original Authors : By documenting sources, you give credit to the original authors of the ideas or information you are using. This is a fundamental practice in the academic community to respect intellectual property rights and avoid plagiarism.

Verifiability : Proper documentation allows readers to verify the sources of information. This is crucial for maintaining the credibility and reliability of your work. If readers can check the original sources, they can confirm the accuracy of your representation of those sources.

Academic Integrity : Documenting sources upholds the standards of academic integrity. It shows that you have engaged with the literature in your field and that you are contributing to the academic conversation by building upon the work of others.

Reader's Guidance : Documentation provides a roadmap for readers who may be interested in delving deeper into the topic. By providing references, you guide readers to additional resources that may offer more detailed information or alternative perspectives.

Supporting and Strengthening Arguments : By citing authoritative sources, you can strengthen your arguments and lend weight to your conclusions. Documented sources act as evidence that can support your thesis or research findings.

The basic rule for documentation is to cite any specific ideas, opinions, and facts that are not your own, except for common knowledge, which does not require citation. Common knowledge includes facts that are known to the general public or information that is agreed upon by most people in a professional field. There are various styles and methods for documenting sources, such as APA, MLA, Chicago, and Harvard, each with its own set of rules for citation and formatting. The choice of style often depends on the discipline and the preferences of the institution or publication.

In practice, you must identify your sources in two places in your research paper: within the text (in-text citations) and at the end of the document (bibliography or reference list). The in-text citation provides a brief reference that points to the full citation in your bibliography, where readers can find complete information about the source.

Documenting sources is not just a technicality; it is an ethical practice that reflects the quality and integrity of your work. Whether you are writing a research paper, a thesis, or any other academic document, proper documentation is essential for academic success and intellectual discourse.

What is MLA Style citation ? 

MLA Style citation, also known as MLA format, is a method of formatting and citation that is widely used in the humanities, especially in writing on language and literature. Developed by the Modern Language Association, the style provides a consistent format for writing and documentation of sources used in academic writing. It is designed to be as streamlined and straightforward as possible. The MLA Handbook, currently in its 9th edition, is the authoritative source for MLA Style citation. The handbook lays out the principles of citing in MLA format, which include the use of a Works Cited page at the end of the document, as well as in-text citations that direct the reader to the corresponding entry on the Works Cited page.

Here's a detailed note on MLA Style citation :

Works Cited Page : 

The Works Cited page is a comprehensive list of all the sources that have been cited in the text. Each entry follows a template of nine core elements:

1. Author : The author's name is listed with the last name first, followed by a comma and the rest of the name as presented in the work.

2. Title of Source : The title of the cited source is listed next. Depending on the type of source, it may be italicized or placed in quotation marks.

3. Title of Container, if any : This refers to the larger whole that the source is a part of, such as a database, a book containing an essay, a website, etc.

4. Other Contributors, such as editors or translators, if they are relevant to your citation.

5. Version, if the source has multiple versions, such as an edition of a book.

6. Number, if the source is part of a numbered sequence, such as a journal issue or a TV episode.

7. Publisher

8. Publication Date

9. Location : This could be a page range, a URL, or a physical place if necessary.

In-Text Citations : 

In-text citations in MLA Style are brief and usually include the author's last name and a page number. The purpose is to point the reader to the full citation found in the Works Cited page. For example, an in-text citation might look like this: (Smith 123).

Formatting Guidelines : 

MLA Style also includes specific formatting guidelines :

- Margins should be set to one inch on all sides of the paper.

- Font should be a readable size and style, such as 12 pt. Times New Roman.

- Line Spacing should be double throughout the entire document, including quotations and the Works Cited page.

- Indentation for paragraphs should be set to one-half inch from the left margin.

- Heading should include the writer's name, instructor's name, course, and date, aligned to the left margin of the first page.

- Title should be centered and written in standard capitalization, not underlined, bolded, or italicized.

MLA Style is designed to be flexible and adaptable to a wide variety of sources. As digital texts become more prevalent, the guidelines have evolved to accommodate new types of publications and formats. For those looking to delve deeper into MLA Style, the Purdue OWL website offers a wealth of resources and examples.

Understanding and correctly implementing MLA Style citation is crucial for academic integrity and scholarly communication. It allows readers to locate the sources you've used and assess the breadth and depth of your research. Whether you're a student, educator, or researcher, mastering MLA Style is an essential skill in the humanities. For more detailed examples and explanations, the MLA Handbook and the Purdue OWL website are invaluable resources.

What is APA Style Citation ?

APA Style is a citation format developed by the American Psychological Association and is one of the most widely used styles for writing scientific and research papers, particularly in fields like psychology, sociology, business, economics, nursing, social work, and criminology. The APA Style is detailed in the "Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association," which outlines how to write and organize research papers and how to cite sources within the text and in the reference list.

Understanding APA Style Citations :

The APA citation style is an author-date system, which means that you must include the author's last name and the year of publication when you're referencing another work in the body of your paper. This system allows readers to find the sources cited in the text in the reference list, where each source is listed alphabetically.

In-Text Citations :

In-text citations are brief references within your text that direct readers to the full citation in the reference list. For example, if you're referencing a book by Smith published in 2020, the in-text citation would appear as (Smith, 2020).

There are two types of in-text citations :

- Parenthetical Citations : These are enclosed in parentheses and placed at the end of the sentence that references the cited material. For example,

"The data was consistent with the theory (Smith, 2020)."

- Narrative Citations : In this type, the author's name is part of the narrative, and only the year is enclosed in parentheses. For example,

"Smith (2020) found that the data was consistent with the theory."

Reference List :

At the end of your paper, you'll include a reference list that provides full details of all the sources you've cited throughout your work. Each entry in the reference list has four main parts: the author, the date of publication, the title, and the source.

Here's an example of a book citation in APA format :

Smith, J. (2020). The Theory of Everything. Universe Publishing.

Formatting Guidelines :

The APA manual provides specific guidelines for formatting your paper and your references. Some key points include:

- Double-spacing your entire paper, including the reference list.

- Using a standard font like 12-pt Times New Roman or 11-pt Arial.

- Including a page header with the title of your paper and the page number.

- Indenting the first line of every paragraph by 0.5 inches.

The Importance of APA Style :

Using APA Style ensures that your audience understands the sources you're referencing and can locate them if needed. It also helps to prevent plagiarism by giving proper credit to the original authors of the ideas and information you're incorporating into your own work. For more detailed information on APA Style citations, you can refer to the 7th edition of the APA Publication Manual or visit online resources such as Scribbr and BibMe, which offer comprehensive guides and tools to help with your citations.

Difference between MLA and APA : 

When it comes to academic writing, adhering to the appropriate citation style is crucial for ensuring clarity, consistency, and credibility. Two of the most commonly used citation styles are Modern Language Association (MLA) and American Psychological Association (APA). While both serve the same essential purpose, to credit sources and avoid plagiarism, they differ in format and application. Here's a detailed look at the key differences between MLA and APA citation styles, 

In-text Citations :

In APA, the in-text citation includes the author's last name and the year of publication. For direct quotes or specific paraphrasing, a page number is also included. For example :

- One author: (Smith, 2020, p. 15)

- Two authors: (Smith & Jones, 2020, p. 15)

- Three or more authors: (Smith et al., 2020, p. 15)

In contrast, MLA only requires the author's last name and the page number, without the publication year. For example :

- One author: (Smith 15)

- Two authors: (Smith and Jones 15)

- Three or more authors: (Smith et al. 15)

Reference List vs. Works Cited :

APA utilizes a 'References' list at the end of the document, where full citations are provided for all sources cited within the text. MLA, on the other hand, refers to this list as 'Works Cited', which also includes full citations but follows a different format.

Title Capitalization and Author Names :

APA style capitalizes only the first word of the title and subtitle, as well as proper nouns. MLA style capitalizes all major title words. Regarding author names, APA uses initials for first and middle names, while MLA uses full first names.

Examples :

APA Journal Article Citation :

Doe, J. (2021). The impact of social media on communication. Journal of Social Research, 45(2), 234-245.

MLA Journal Article Citation :

Doe, John. "The Impact of Social Media on Communication." Journal of Social Research, vol. 45, no. 2, 2021, pp. 234-245.

Medium of Publication :

MLA citations include the medium of publication, such as Print or Web. APA does not typically require this information.

Usage Across Disciplines :

APA is predominantly used in the sciences, social sciences, and education fields. MLA is favored in the humanities, particularly in language and literature disciplines.

Understanding these differences is essential for academic writers to ensure they are using the correct style for their field and type of work. By following the specific guidelines of each style, writers can effectively communicate their research and respect intellectual property rights. For more detailed information and additional examples, you can refer to the latest editions of the APA and MLA manuals or visit educational resources like Scribbr and the APA Style website. These resources provide comprehensive guides and templates to help you navigate the nuances of each citation style. 

Thank You…

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Videos : 01

References : 

Greg Armento. “Evaluating the ‘Mla International Bibliography’ for Social Science Content: What Information Can Be Found?” The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy, vol. 69, no. 4, 1999, pp. 476–500. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/4309374. Accessed 23 Apr. 2024.

Lewis, Leslie A. “From the Front Lines: An Academic Librarian Reports on the Impact of APA’s New Electronic References Guidelines.” Reference & User Services Quarterly, vol. 48, no. 2, 2008, pp. 128–31. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/20865031. Accessed 23 Apr. 2024.

SHIGWAN, RAMCHANDRA. “CHICAGO AND APA STYLE MANUAL IN RESEARCH ACTIVITIES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY.” Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute, vol. 76, 2016, pp. 163–72. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/26264780. Accessed 23 Apr. 2024.

Assignment : Comparative Literature in English

• Assignment Semester : 4
• Paper Name : Comparative Literature & Translation Studies
• Paper : 208
• Paper Code : 22415

Hello everyone, I’m writing this blog as a written assignment on Comparative Literature & Translation Studies. In which I have selected Susan Bassnett’s article on ‘What is Comparative Literature Today ?’. In this blog I have try to give answer of a question that is given below,

Write an essay on Susan Bassnett’s arguments in ‘What is Comparative Literature Today ?’

Who is Susan Bassnett ? 

Susan Edna Bassnett, FRSL, born on October 21, 1945, is a distinguished figure in the realms of translation theory and comparative literature. Her academic journey began with an impressive first-class honors Bachelor of Arts degree in English and Italian from the University of Manchester in 1968, followed by a Doctor of Philosophy degree in French from the University of Lancaster in 1975.

Bassnett's career took flight as a lecturer at the University of Rome, where she served from 1968 to 1972. She then returned to England and continued her academic pursuits at the University of Lancaster until 1976. Her tenure at the University of Warwick commenced in 1976, where she not only taught but also established the Centre for Translation and Comparative Cultural Studies in 1985. Her contributions to the university were recognized with her promotion to reader in 1989 and her appointment as Professor of Comparative Literature in 1992. Bassnett's leadership skills shone through during her service as pro-vice-chancellor at the University of Warwick, a role she held twice, from 1997 to 2003 and from 2005 to 2009.

Upon her retirement from Warwick in 2016, Bassnett was honored with the title of professor emerita. However, her passion for academia did not wane, as she took on the role of Professor of Comparative Literature at the University of Glasgow since 2015.

Bassnett's bibliography is extensive and influential, with more than twenty books to her name. Her seminal work, "Translation Studies," first published in 1980, remains a cornerstone in the field and an international textbook. "Comparative Literature," released in 1993, has also achieved international acclaim and has been translated into several languages. Her literary criticism extends to a variety of subjects, including a book on Ted Hughes published in 2009 and "Knives and Angels: Women Writers in Latin America," which she edited.

Her critical ideas have been pivotal in shaping the discourse on translation. In "Constructing Cultures: Essays on Literary Translation," co-written with André Lefevere in 1998, Bassnett emphasized the importance of the translator's visibility within the text, aligning with Lawrence Venuti's advocacy for a translator-centered approach.

Beyond her scholarly works, Bassnett's creative side is expressed through poetry. Her collection "Exchanging Lives: Poems and Translations," published in 2002, showcases her poetic prowess and her skill in translation.

Educated across Europe and having lectured at universities in the United States, Bassnett's international experience has enriched her understanding of diverse languages and cultures. This global perspective is evident in her work, which often explores the intricate relationship between language, culture, and translation.

Susan Bassnett's dedication to her field has not gone unnoticed. In 2007, she was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature, marking her as a leading light in the literary community. Her legacy continues to inspire students and scholars alike, ensuring that the study of translation and comparative literature remains a dynamic and evolving discipline.

For those interested in delving deeper into the life and works of Susan Bassnett, her biography on Wikipedia provides a comprehensive overview of her career and contributions to literature and translation studies. Her influence on the academic world is undeniable, and her works will undoubtedly continue to shape the fields of translation studies and comparative literature for years to come.

What is Comparative Literature Today ?

Comparative Literature is a dynamic and evolving field that transcends traditional academic boundaries to explore literature in a global context. It is an interdisciplinary study that examines literature across nations, cultures, and languages, seeking to understand the interplay between texts, authors, and the socio-political environments in which they exist.

The Roots and Evolution of Comparative Literature : The concept of Comparative Literature originated in Europe during the 19th century, with the term 'littérature comparée' first appearing in French. The discipline has since expanded, both in scope and methodology, moving beyond its initial Eurocentric focus to embrace a more inclusive and diverse perspective.

Today's Comparative Literature: Beyond Texts and Borders : Contemporary Comparative Literature is characterized by its breadth and depth, encompassing not only the study of written texts but also other forms of cultural expression such as film, television, and even graffiti. This reflects a shift towards a more transdisciplinary approach, where literature is analyzed alongside critical race theory, queer studies, and other critical frameworks.

The Importance of Translation Studies : A significant aspect of Comparative Literature is the study of translation and its impact on the reception of narratives across different cultures. This involves a critical examination of what may be lost or transformed in the process of translating a text from one language to another. Comparative Literature encourages the reading of texts in their original languages, fostering a deeper appreciation of the nuances and complexities inherent in literary works.

The Interdisciplinary Nature of Comparative Literature : Comparative Literature scholars, often referred to as 'comparatists', are typically well-versed in multiple languages and familiar with various literary traditions. The field intersects with numerous disciplines, including history, philosophy, art, and science, providing a comprehensive understanding of literature's role in reflecting and shaping human experience.

The Future of Comparative Literature : As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, the importance of Comparative Literature continues to grow. It offers valuable insights into the cultural narratives that define societies and contributes to a greater understanding of the human condition across temporal and spatial divides.

Comparative Literature today is a vibrant and essential discipline that fosters cross-cultural dialogue and understanding. It challenges us to think critically about literature's place in the world and its power to influence and reflect the complexities of human society. For those interested in delving deeper into the subject, exploring the rich resources available online, such as academic journals and dedicated websites, can provide a wealth of information and perspectives on this fascinating field.

Contemporary Comparative Literature : 

In Comparative Literature, contemporary works are not just a collection of texts but a reflection of the ongoing dialogue between cultures, languages, and literary traditions. These works often embody the complexities of modern life and offer insights into the human experience through a multifaceted lens. Here are some notable contemporary contributions to the field:

"Comparing the Literatures: Literary Studies in a Global Age" by David Damrosch : This book is a significant contribution to the field, offering a comprehensive overview of comparative studies and its prospects amidst the rapid changes of globalization. Damrosch integrates comparative, postcolonial, and world-literary perspectives, providing a roadmap for the discipline's revitalization.

This work represents the diversity and dynamism of Comparative Literature today. That  showcases how the field continues to evolve, embracing new methodologies and responding to the changing landscape of literature and culture. For scholars, students, and enthusiasts, these contemporary works provide a rich source of exploration and intellectual engagement, inviting readers to consider literature in a broader, more interconnected world. The field of Comparative Literature is a testament to the power of literature to cross boundaries and foster understanding across different cultures and societies. As it continues to grow, it promises to offer even more profound insights into the narratives that shape our world. For those looking to delve into this vibrant discipline, the contemporary works mentioned above serve as an excellent starting point for a journey through the rich tapestry of global literature.

Susan Bassnett’s arguments in ‘What is Comparative Literature Today ?’

Susan Bassnett, a prominent figure in the field of Comparative Literature, has significantly contributed to the discourse on the subject's modern relevance and scope. In her essay "What is Comparative Literature Today?", Bassnett explores the evolution of Comparative Literature as a discipline that transcends cultural, linguistic, and national boundaries to study texts within a global context. 

Bassnett argues that Comparative Literature should not be confined to the Eurocentric perspectives that have historically dominated the field. Instead, she advocates for a more inclusive approach that acknowledges and integrates literature from diverse cultures and languages. This shift is crucial for the discipline to remain relevant in a rapidly globalizing world where interactions between cultures are increasingly common and complex.

One of the core arguments presented by Bassnett is the need for Comparative Literature to engage deeply with Translation Studies. She posits that translation is a fundamental aspect of literary studies, as it enables the cross-cultural communication necessary for comparative analysis. By integrating Translation Studies, Comparative Literature can better address the nuances of texts that emerge from the process of translation, such as the cultural and ideological shifts that occur when a text is moved from one language to another.

Bassnett emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary approaches in Comparative Literature. She suggests that the discipline should not only compare texts from different cultures but also consider the interplay of literature with other fields such as Cultural Studies, World Literature, and even non-literary texts. This interdisciplinary perspective allows for a more holistic understanding of texts and their cultural significance.

Susan Bassnett's vision for Comparative Literature is one of dynamism and inclusivity. She calls for a reevaluation of the discipline's methodologies and scope to better reflect the complexities of a globalized literary landscape. Her arguments encourage scholars to adopt a more expansive view of literature, one that embraces diversity, acknowledges the role of translation, and fosters interdisciplinary collaboration.

For those interested in delving deeper into Bassnett's work and the broader discussions surrounding Comparative Literature, her book "Comparative Literature: A Critical Introduction" is an invaluable resource that provides further insight into the subject. Additionally, interviews and discussions with Bassnett offer a more personal perspective on her views and the evolution of her thoughts on Comparative Literature. 

Thank you…

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References : 

Hibbard, Allen. “Where Is World Literature Now? Conversations over Time and across Space.” Comparative Literature Studies, vol. 54, no. 3, 2017, pp. 667–72. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.5325/complitstudies.54.3.0667. Accessed 23 Apr. 2024.

Shaden M. Tageldin. “ONE COMPARATIVE LITERATURE? ‘BIRTH’ OF A DISCIPLINE IN FRENCH-EGYPTIAN TRANSLATION, 1810-1834.” Comparative Literature Studies, vol. 47, no. 4, 2010, pp. 417–45. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.5325/complitstudies.47.4.0417. Accessed 23 Apr. 2024.

Ziolkowski, Jan M. “Incomparable: The Destiny of Comparative Literature, Globalization or Not.” The Global South, vol. 1, no. 2, 2007, pp. 16–44. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40339271. Accessed 23 Apr. 2024.